Interpretation of Dreams (Wordsworth Classics) 梦的解析 9781853264849 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子书 mobi 在线

Whether we love or hate Sigmund Freud, we all have to admit that he revolutionized the way we think about ourselves. Much of this revolution can be traced to The Interpretation of Dreams, the turn-of-the-century tour de force that outlined his theory of unconscious forces in the context of dream analysis. Introducing the id, the superego, and their problem child, the ego, Freud advanced scientific understanding of the mind immeasurably by exposing motivations normally invisible to our consciousness. While there's no question that his own biases and neuroses influenced his observations, the details are less important than the paradigm shift as a whole. After Freud, our interior lives became richer and vastly more mysterious.

These mysteries clearly bothered him--he went to great (often absurd) lengths to explain dream imagery in terms of childhood sexual trauma, a component of his theory jettisoned mid-century, though now popular among recovered-memory therapists. His dispassionate analyses of his own dreams are excellent studies for cognitive scientists wishing to learn how to sacrifice their vanities for the cause of learning. Freud said of the work contained in The Interpretation of Dreams, "Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime." One would have to feel quite fortunate to shake the world even once.

INRODUCTION

FOREWORD

ONE 　The Scientific Literature of Dream-Problems(up to 1900)

TWO The Method of Dream Interpretation

THREE The Dream as a Wish-Fulfilment

FOUR Distortion in Dreams

FIVE The Material and Sources of Dreams

SIX The Dream-Work

SEVEN The Psychology of the Dream-Processes

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1，《梦的解析》一书中有若干论点或命题是自相矛盾的（梦的意义有无、梦的机制是本能还是理性、梦可否解释）

2，该理论体系与现代科学研究的事实不慎相符，缺乏科学根据。研究方法片面（主要依据精神病人的梦情自述，忽略实验方法）

1，梦是可以解释的，每个梦都是有意义的

2，梦者必须将本身所有涌上心头的感受完全说出，而不因为自己觉得那是不重要的、毫不相干的甚或愚蠢的，而不说出。必须对自己的各种意念绝对保持公平。即尽量做到压制“自我观察者”（后来的“超我”）的作用。

3，梦是愿望的达成，其动机是某种愿望。

1，梦所代表的愿望达成往往是毫无掩饰极为明显的（如口渴，想方便）

2，小孩子的梦往往是很简单的愿望达成

1，一旦愿望的达成有所“伪装”或“难以认出”必表示梦者本身对此愿望有所顾忌，因此这种愿望只能以一种改装的形式出现。

2，假设每个人的心灵内都有两个心理步骤：第一个在梦中表现出愿望的内容，第二个扮演检查者的角色而形成了梦的改装。凡能为我们所意识到的，必得经过第二个心理步骤所认可；可那些第一个心理步骤的材料，一旦无法通过第二关，则无从为意识所接受，而必须任由第二关加以各种变形到它满意的地步，才得以进入意识的境界。意识是一种特殊的心理行为，它是由感官将其他来源的材料，经过一番加工而成的产品。

3，一些梦的不愉快性质与梦的改装有关：这些梦中的愿望，平时招致严重的压抑，所以愿望的达成均被改装到乍看无法看出的地步。

4，公式：梦是一种（受抑制的）愿望（经过改装而）达成。

甲：梦中的最近印象以及无甚关系的印象

1，最近发生的印象（做梦当天则为特例）与很久很久以前所发生过的印象对梦所具有的影响是一样的

2，梦的内容是常用那较无关大局的经验

3，“梦只是白天生活的琐碎经验的重现”是站不住脚的

4，梦的形成是曾产生了“置换”现象——用心理学的话讲，就是一个具有较弱潜能的意念必须由那最初的具有较强的潜能的意念里，慢慢吸取能量，而到某一强度脱颖而出，浮现到意识界来。

5，梦之所以以芝麻小事作为内容，其实无非就是一种“梦之改装”的表现经过“转移作用”。而且梦之所以被改装是由两种心理步骤之间的检查制度所造成的。

6，梦的形式是受着一种强制规则，将所有足以引起梦的刺激来源综合成一个单一的整体。

7，概括起来，梦的来源包括：a）一种最近发生的在精神上有重大意义的事件；b）几个最近发生而且具有意义的事实，于梦中凝合成一个整体；c）一个最近而具有意义的事件，在梦中以一个同时发生的无足轻重的印象来表现；d）一个对梦者本身有意义的经验，而经常在梦中以另一最近发生但无甚关系的印象作为梦的内容。

乙：孩提时期经验形成梦的来源

1，有些梦属于“经年复现”的梦——小孩时就做过的梦，在成年期仍一再的出现与梦境中

2，还有一系列的梦，其“愿望”及“愿望的达成”均来自于儿童时期

3，梦的记忆具有两个特点：a）梦内容多半以不重要的事为显意；b）梦内容多选用最近的以及孩提时代的资料

丙：梦的肉体方面的来源

1，梦的工作是基于一种前提，拟使同时感到的所有梦刺激综合成一整体性的产物

2，睡眠中的刺激必须与那些我们所熟悉的日间经验遗留下来的心灵剩余产物结合而成一种“愿望的达成”。梦的本质绝不因为肉体刺激加之于精神资料之上而有所改变，无论它是以何种真实的资料作为内容，均仍旧是代表着“愿望的达成”...

甲、凝缩作用

1，贫乏简陋的梦后面隐藏了冗长丰富的“梦的隐意”

2，自以为所梦的比所追忆的内容丰富的多，其实是一种错觉

3，梦中出现的东西往往代表许多梦思的交汇点，被当作许多经验的共同工具。就是说许多不同的“梦思”通过同一种事物来表现，同一个梦思也可以从不同的方面利用不同的事物表现。这可以称为基本原则

4，“集体”和“集锦”人物和事物是梦凝缩的一大方式

5，“凝缩作用”的特点及在梦内容中找出那些已在复现的元素，而构成新的（集锦人物，混合影像）以及产生一些共同代号

6，一般而言，梦中所出现的“字”往往被视为“某种东西”，这些东西混合凝缩，因此常常产生怪字（书中主要指英文单词的组装）

乙、转移作用

1，在梦的选择中占有决定性作用的“多种意义”，可能并非永远是梦形成的最主要因素。往往只是一些我们还不知道的精神力量的次要产物。但是就梦的每一个部分而言“多种意义”还是很重要的

2，可以假设：在梦的工作下，一种精神力量一方面将其所含较高精神价值的单元所含的精神强度予以卸除，而另一方面，利用“过度决定”的方法，在较低精神价值的单元中塑造出新的重要价值，并通过这种新的价值进入梦中（原文如此，看得不是很明白）

丙、梦的表现方法

1，梦的逻辑关系在梦中并没有任何独立的表示，梦首先把梦思连在一起，产生连续性（时间）的逻辑连接。

2，表现因果关系，梦有两种程序：一，“既然这是如此的，那么，那个等等必会发生”，最常见的是用附属字句作为起始的梦，而主句就是主要的梦；二，把梦中的影像（人或物）变成另一个。两种程序在本质上一致：因果关系通过前后关系来体现

3，如果在梦中出现“这不是…就是…”的情形，就是表示并列关系“和”

4，对梦来说，“不”（否定）似乎是不存在

5，梦最喜欢的逻辑关系是相似或恰似，...

书籍介绍

Book Description

The World Literature series reproduces the greatest books the world over with only the highest production standards. History, philosophy, psychology, political theory, fiction, and ancient texts are now accessible to everyone at an extremely affordable price.

This text presents Freud's theory that man is unable to tolerate too much reality, and that dreams are the contraband representations of the beast within man which are smuggled into awareness during sleep. The analysis of dreams is the key to unlocking the vital secrets of the unconscious mind.

Synopsis:

This groundbreaking new translation of The Interpretation of Dreams is the first to be based on the original text published in November 1899. It restores Freud's original argument, unmodified by revisions he made following the book's critical reception. Reading the first edition reveals Freud's original emphasis on the use of words in dreams and on the difficulty of deciphering them and Joyce Crick captures with far greater immediacy and accuracy than previous translations by Strachey's Freud's emphasis and terminology. An accessible introduction by Ritchie Robertson summarizes and comments on Freud's argument and relates it to his early work. Close annotation explains Freud's many autobiographical, literary and historical allusions and makes this the first edition to present Freud's early work in its full intellectual and cultural context.

Amazon.com

Whether we love or hate Sigmund Freud, we all have to admit that he revolutionized the way we think about ourselves. Much of this revolution can be traced to The Interpretation of Dreams, the turn-of-the-century tour de force that outlined his theory of unconscious forces in the context of dream analysis. Introducing the id, the superego, and their problem child, the ego, Freud advanced scientific understanding of the mind immeasurably by exposing motivations normally invisible to our consciousness. While there's no question that his own biases and neuroses influenced his observations, the details are less important than the paradigm shift as a whole. After Freud, our interior lives became richer and vastly more mysterious.

These mysteries clearly bothered him--he went to great (often absurd) lengths to explain dream imagery in terms of childhood sexual trauma, a component of his theory jettisoned mid-century, though now popular among recovered-memory therapists. His dispassionate analyses of his own dreams are excellent studies for cognitive scientists wishing to learn how to sacrifice their vanities for the cause of learning. Freud said of the work contained in The Interpretation of Dreams, "Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime." One would have to feel quite fortunate to shake the world even once.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　--Rob Lightner

From The New England Journal of Medicine (March 23, 2000)

The 100th anniversary of Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams saw the publication of a new translation by Joyce Crick and a "neurophilosophical" treatise on the subject by Owen Flanagan, professor of philosophy, experimental psychology, and neurobiology at Duke University. Taken together, they beg to be read in the light of current ideas about dreams.

How far Freud has fallen in the past few decades is clearly reflected in the introduction to the new translation, written by Ritchie Robertson. No, Robertson acknowledges, Freud's theory of dreaming is not scientific; it is not falsifiable, it is embarrassingly sexual and sexist, it undervalues imagery and emotions, and it overvalues verbal repartee. Indeed, Robertson admits, "the scientific study of the mind can proceed with little reference to Freud." Still, he insists, Freud has "helped us to understand the psyche as deep, complex, and mysterious." Is his theory only of historical interest?

Freud's own review of the scientific literature of the time suggests that he has not contributed as much as we might think. The content of dreams was already seen by pre-Freudians as determined by previous experiences and as arising in what Ludwig Strumpell referred to as "almost memory-less isolation" from those experiences. Dreams were already seen as bizarre and chaotic, driven, as Freud described the theories of Wilhelm Wundt, by "internal... excitations of the sensory organs." The views of this pre-Freudian scientific community were remarkably similar to those held by neurobiologists and cognitive neuroscientists today.

What, then, did Freud add to the study of dreams? Beautiful literature, but mostly bad theory and methodology. Dreams serve to discharge pent-up energy associated with unsatisfied infantile wishes. Dream construction follows a tortured path, with the condensation of many ideas into one and the displacement of their "energies" to unrelated images, all to keep the forbidden wishes from reaching consciousness. Freud's interpretations are stunning: a woman's dream about going to Italy (gen Italien -- to Italy) reflects a hidden wish concerning genitals (Genitalien). Why? Because it is obvious. One is reminded of Plato's "proof" in the Republic that the philosopher-king leads a life that is 729 times more pleasant than that of a tyrant.

All in all, Freud's theory of dreams can probably best be described as 50 percent right and 100 percent wrong. Many of his observations about dreams (not their interpretation) are insightful. If viewed as a historical work, perhaps metaphorically, The Interpretation of Dreams can be enjoyable and thought-provoking. But those looking for a scientific explanation of dreaming had best look elsewhere. Even those seeking to use dream interpretation as a clinical tool deserve a more useful model, one more consonant with modern scientific theory. A hundred years after Freud, we seem to be back where he started.

In Dreaming Souls, Flanagan seeks to answer philosophical questions about dreaming in the light of what we know about neurobiology. Still, when he talks about dreaming, he is referring specifically to the conscious experience of dreaming, with or without subsequent recall on waking, and not to the underlying physiology of the dreaming state. Although this minimal and somewhat naive attention to physiology is disappointing, it does not make his book uninteresting. Consciousness, he proposes, evolved to solve specific problems, such as how to permit the selective allocation of limited brain resources to just one of many competing sensory inputs -- what we call "attention." What, one might ask, does consciousness offer that the underlying neurophysiology could not handle equally well? Perhaps, Flanagan seems to suggest, consciousness just happened to appear before a "mindless" physiologic alternative did, and it worked well enough. Maybe consciousness and emotions represent just one of many solutions that could have evolved to deal with these problems. Perhaps (and it is a terrifying thought) consciousness could just as easily not have evolved.

What about dreaming? This, Flanagan argues, is merely an unintended side effect of waking consciousness; evolution forgot to turn the conscious mind off at night, resulting in dreams that "neither help nor hinder fitness." For Flanagan, the neurobiologic processes underlying consciousness in both waking and sleeping states are of only passing interest and may be, in the end, unimportant. He clearly feels that cognitive processing during sleep serves no evolutionary value, a position that flies in the face of most recent research (for example, on sleep and consolidation of memory). What, then, is sleep for? Flanagan seems to fall back on an old suggestion of Allan Hobson's, that sleep merely serves to allow stockpiles of neurotransmitters in the brain to be replenished. Such an explanation woefully underestimates both the cost and the value of sleep.

Still, Flanagan provides a fascinating view of dreaming from the perspective of a modern philosopher. He presents an elegant explication of how dreams, constructed through a chaotic process without intent on the part of the dreamer, can not only still have meaning, but also be self-revealing and useful as well. Even if the experience of dreaming (as opposed to its underlying physiology) arose without evolutionary selection, he argues, it does not follow that dreams are meaningless or that dreaming is useless. Much of what we are was never selected for -- the abilities to solve partial differential equations and to write sonnets and soliloquies were not selected by evolutionary pressures. What we are and what we have evolved to be are not the same. Destiny is not biology, and dreams are not just noise produced by the sleeping brain. Flanagan's provocative commentary would make quick and enjoyable reading for anyone interested in the thoughtful study of dreaming and may yet provide the basis for a new framework for understanding what dreams mean and how they can be used: the goal of dream interpretation. But the big scientific questions remain unanswered. What is the role of sleep in cognitive and emotional processing? How do we integrate these physiologic processes with the phenomenology of dreaming? The time is ripe to address these questions.

What might answers to these questions look like? Over the past 10 to 15 years, cognitive neuroscience has proved the existence of multiple, physically distinct memory systems, including working-memory, episodic-memory, and semantic-memory systems. As a consequence, the old idea of consolidating short-term memories into long-term memories has expanded to include concepts of transferring memories from one system to another and then integrating them into complex associative networks. New research suggests that these activities may depend on sleep and might even be the main function of sleep.

Processes of memory transfer and integration occur both intentionally (through the frontal cortex) and automatically (through "self-organizing" bottom-up processes). These processes are more complex and more time-consuming than simpler forms of memory consolidation, and they appear to use the same brain regions required for sensory processing. Taken together, they beg for a state in which sensory input is blocked and conscious control of cognitive and affective processing is turned off. Although such a state would be optimal for the automatic reactivation and reprocessing of ensembles of preexisting memories, it would leave the organism dissociated from its environment and unable to interact with it safely. By adding immobility to these other conditions, sleep makes this state of "off-line" memory reprocessing both safe and effective; herein lies the evolutionary pressure for sleep.

This, perhaps, is the beginning of a theory worth consideration by neurobiologists, cognitive scientists, and philosophers alike, and the questions it raises are both important and exciting. How would the reliable changes in chemical neuromodulation that are dependent on the stage of sleep, sensory-input gating, generation of electroencephalographic waves, and regional brain activation facilitate off-line memory reprocessing? Which component parts of such a memory-reprocessing system would each sleep stage support? For example, during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, distant and unpredictable cortical associations, but not episodic memories, appear to be preferentially activated, leading to the bizarre, symbolic, and hyperemotional narratives found in classic dreams. In contrast, during non-REM sleep, mentation is generally more linear and thoughtlike. How and why would the brain modulate memory-reprocessing systems in these ways? And, finally, what function, if any, might our conscious awareness of this reprocessing -- what we call dreaming -- serve? I hope that the answers to these questions are not too far away.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Reviewed by Robert Stickgold, Ph.D.

From AudioFile

Freud's most famous and polemic book presents a challenge to narrator Robert Whitfield, who interprets the heavy rhetoric with dispatch and precision, while relating the fascinating dreams with expressive interest and skill. The German text is translated into unstilted English, but the remaining French allows Whitfield to exploit his bilingual ability. Modern medicines have made psychoanalysis less popular than in its heyday, but the impact of Freudian theory on our civilization can never be ignored. For the curious and the serious, Whitfield aptly augments the exploration of this classic book just as a guide aids the tour of an old church. J.A.H.

From Library Journal

This volume of essays (part of a new series) reflects a wide range of disciplines: sociology, history, literature, and philosophy. Several are works of historic importance by major thinkers, including Wittgenstein and Erikson. Others are more recent works informed by modern thinkers, most notably Lacan. Though of limited appeal to the lay reader in its assumption of a working knowledge of Freud's dream work and its failure to link the essays, the book will interest scholars, particularly those in the humanities concerned with psychoanalysis. Several essays, particularly Meredith Skura's concerning the literary use of dream interpretation, are outstanding commentaries on Freud's landmark work.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Paul Hymowitz, Psychiatry Dept., Cornell Medical Ctr., New York

About Author

Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 at Freiburg in Moravia and died in London in 1939. He embarked on medical studies in Vienna, working at the same time at the Institute for Cerebral Anatomy. Financial circumstances compelled him to postpone his prime interest, pure research, and he became a clinical neurologist. In 1884 he was introduced by Dr. Josef Breuer, a Viennese physician, to the "cathartic" method of treatment of hysteria, which was the starting point of what later became psychoanalysis. Studies in Hysteria was the result of Freud's and Breuer's collaboration in this area. Freud then went on alone to work at "psychoanalysis," examining the structure, nature, and diseases of the mind. As a result of his studies in literature, art, mythology, and religion, he found further evidence to support the revolutionary theories he had discovered in therapeutic practice. The Interpretation of Dreams was first published in 1900. Freud wrote of it in 1931: "It contains, even according to my present-day judgment, the most valuable of all the discoveries it has been my good fortune to make. Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime."

Book Dimension :

length: (cm)19.8 　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　 width:(cm)12.6

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梦的解析