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Foreword;by;Alastair;M.Morrison

Foreword;by;Steven;J.Hollenhorr/>

Foreword;by;the;author

Acknowledgementr/>

1;Introduction

1.1;From;the;Obscurity;ofPark;Boundariesp;to;a;Framework;ofTheoretical;Hypotheser/>

1.2;Literature;Reviewin;Geographier/>

1.2.1;Boundary;studiesp;within;the;human;geography

1.2.2;Studiesp;on;borderland，;outbound;or;inbound;tourir/>

1.2.3;National;park;boundary;studiesp;around;the;globe

1.2.4;Boundary;studiesp;pertinent;to;China'sp;nature;reservesp;and;national;parkr/>

1.2.5;Studiesp;on;dynamic;boundariesp;and;boundary;dynamicsp;13

1.2.6;A;summary;on;boundary;studier/>

1.3;Research;Goals，;Contentsp;and;Methodologier/>

1.4;Innovative;Findingr/>

2;Boundary—Bounding;Mechanism;Based;on;Natural;Conditionsp;and;So;Contextr/>

2.1;Introduction

2.1.1;Patch;or;Segmentation;Related;Conceptsp;and;Applicationr/>

2.1.2;Island;Biogeography;and;the;SLOSS;Debate

2.1.3;Geographical;Studiesp;on;Boundary;Shapesp;and;Structurer/>

2.2;Park;Classification;Based;on;Boundary;Shapesp;and;Structurer/>

2.2.1;Two;major;classer/>

2.2.2;Classp;I'sp;detailed;classification

2.2.3;Classp;lI'sp;detailed;classification

2.3;Interpreting;Boundary—Bounding;Mechanism;Based;on;the;Natural;Conditionsp;and;So;Contextr/>

2.3.1;Boundary—bounding;by;mountain;topologier/>

2.3.2;Boundary—bounding;by;the;course;of;rivers／gorger/>

2.3.3;Boundary—bounding;by;sporadic;cultural;landscaper/>

2.3.4;Affected;by;previousp;land;user/>

2.4;Considering;the;Constraintsp;ofAdministrative;Divisionsp;on;the;Resource;Management

3;Check;and;Balance;Functionsp;ofAdministrative;Boundariesp;over;Park;Boundarir/>

3.1;Introduction

3.1.1;Park;boundariesp;to;demonstrate;national;sovereignty

3.1.2;Tranoundary;peace;parksp;around;the;globe

3.1.3;Studiesp;on;the;tranoundary;tourist;areasp;in;China

3.2;Classesp;ofTrans—Border;Parksp;and;Close—to—Border;Parkr/>

3.2.1;Spatialinteraction;related;to;tranorder;parkr/>

3.2.2;Spatialinteraction;related;to;close—to—border;parkr/>

3.2.3;Mathematicalmeasurement;on;spatialinteractionr/>

3.3;Analysisp;on;the;Administrative;Boundary'sp;Check;and;Balance

3.3.1;Administrative;boundary'sp;hard;regulation

3.3.2;Rationale;ofthe;tranorder;park;boundary;growth

3.3.3;Place;name;identity;contributesp;to;the;park;boundary;demarcation

3.3.4;Spatial;re—organization;in;order;to;remove;the;institutional;obstacler/>

3.3.5;The;contradictionetween;the;hard;constraining;and;the;sofi;growth

3.4;Se;a;Breakthrough;to;Understand;the;Stability;and;Legal;Effectivenessp;ofthe

Soft;Boundarier/>

4;Boundary'sp;Dynamic;Evolution;Based;on;the;Undulating;Areal;Statisticr/>

4.1;Introduction

4.1.1;Studiesp;on;the;area—boundary;relationship;with;perspectivesp;oflandscape;ecology

4.1.2;Studiesp;on;area—boundary;relationship;related;to;national;parksp;in;other;nationsp;than;China

4.1.3;Studiesp;ofarea—boundary;relationship;related;to;NationalPark;ofChina

4.2;Classification;ofthe;Statistical;Data

4.2.1;Longitudinal;studieased;on;the;incomplete;data;set

4.2.2;Longitudinal;studieased;on;the;complete;data;set

4.3;How;Much;Doesp;the;Areal;Statisticsp;Relate;to;Boundary'sp;Dynamic;Evolution？

4.3.1;Interpreting;null—data;and;one—year;fresh;data;groupr/>

4.3.2;Interpreting;the;data;coherency;and;completener/>

4.3.3;Data;changesp;and;reflectionsp;on;boundary;effectivener/>

4.4;The;Necessity;ofthe;Transfer;from;Land;Based;Analysisp;to;Human;Factor;Based;Analysir/>

5;Population;Pressure'sp;So;Driving;Towardsp;Boundary'sp;Ebb;and;Flow

5.1;Introduction

5.1.1;Studiesp;on;the;wildernessp;idea;and;tribal;sovereignty

5.1.2;Public;enjoyment;and;public;good

5.1.3;New;needsp;for;the;global;citizensp;in;the;pan—tourism;era

5.2;A;Multi—Dimensional;Comparison;on;Boundary'sp;Population;Pressure

5.2.1;China'sp;human—land;relationship;within;the;global;work;ofnational;parkr/>

5.2.2;Residential;population;pressure;on;the;bordersp;ofnational;parksp;in;China

5.2.3;A;Sino—American;comparative;perspective;on;tourist;population;pressure'

5.3;Boundary'sp;Ebb;and;Flow;Based;on;the;Population;Pressure;Driving;Mechanir/>

5.3.1;Residentialpopulation;pressure'sp;driving;force;analysir/>

5.3.2;Tourist;population;pressure'sp;driving;force;analysir/>

5.3.3;Translation;ofpopulation;pressure;into;humanistic;drive;towardsp;the;conservation;caur/>

5.4;The;Importance;to;Consider;Multi—Dimensionally;on;Human—Land;Relationship;for;Recreational;Purposer/>

6;Collective;Boundary—Bounding;Mechanism;Based;on;a;Multi—Park;Regime

6.1;Introduction

6.1.1;Institutional;obstaclesp;for;the;dissemination;ofthe;nationalpark;nomenclature

6.1.2;Cluna'sp;multi—parksp;from;theoriesp;to;practicer/>

6.1.3;Overlapped;boundariesp;in;a;multi—park;regime

6.2;Spatio—Temporal;Differencesp;Within;the;Multi—Park;Boundary—Bounding;Mechanir/>

6.2.1;Spatio—temporal;differencesp;pertinent;to;national;nature;reserve'sp;cross—designation

6.2.2;Spatio—temporal;differencesp;pertinent;to;national;forest;park'sp;cross—designation

6.2.3;Spatio—temporal;differencesp;pertinent;to;national;geopark'sp;cross—designation

6.3;Case;Studiesp;on;the;Park;Boundary;Interactionr/>

6.3.1;Interacted;boundariesp;with;national;nature;reserver/>

6.3.2;Interacted;boundariesp;with;national;forest;parkr/>

6.3.3;Interacted;boundariesp;with;national;geoparkr/>

6.3.4;Interacted;boundariesp;with;multi—park;arear/>

6.4;Interpreting;the;Multi—Park;Boundary—Bounding;Mechanir/>

6.4.1;Without;a;proper;nomenclature，;thingsp;would;not;be;perfectlyjustifiable

6.4.2;Boundary—bounding;mechanism;by;nature;reserver/>

6.4.3;Boundary—bounding;mechanism;by;forest;parkr/>

6.4.4;Boundary—bounding;mechanism;by;geoparkr/>

6.4.5;A;multi;park;collective;boundary;bounding;mechanism;in;a;globe;wide;open;context

6.5;Creating;a;Unified;Normalized;Chinese;National;Park;System;at;Itsp;Fastest;Pace

7;Conclusionsp;and;Future;Planr/>

7.1;Hypothesesp;Validation

7.1.1;Defenlehypotheser/>

7.1.2;Modifiedhypothesir/>

7.2;Conclusionr/>

7.2.1;Multi—factor;interactionsp;lead;to;the;difficult;boundary;growth;ofnational;parkr/>

7.2.2;National;park;boundary;dynamicsp;isp;critically;controlled;by;human—land;relationship;patternr/>

7.2.3;National;park;boundary;can;be;precisely;depicted;in;the;language;ofcartography

7.2.4;Boundlesig;beauty：;the;heritage;conservation;mission;ofthe;national;park;boundarier/>

7.3;Future;Planr/>

7.3.1;Initiating;positivist;studiesp;on;national;park;boundary;dynamicsp;in;the;nearest;future

7.3.2;Expanding;and;deepening;the;intemational;comparative;studiesp;on;national;park;boundary;topicr/>

Referencer/>

Original;Chinese;Referencer/>

Original;English;Referencer/>

Appendicer/>

Appendix;Ⅰ;Boundary;Shapesp;ofNational;Parksp;in;China

Group;1;Oval—shaped;clustering;boundary;parksp;（OCB;parkr/>

Group;2;Oval—belt—shaped;clustering;boundary;parksp;（OBCB;parkr/>

Group;3;Belt—shaped;clustering;boundary;parksp;（BCB;parkr/>

Group;4;Moon—moon;partitioning;boundary;parksp;（MMPB;parkr/>

Group;5;Moon—starsp;partitiorung;boundary;parksp;（MSPB;parkr/>

Group;6;Belt—shaped;clustering;boundary;parksp;（BCB;parkr/>

Appendix;Ⅱ;Variousp;Computed;Tabler/>

Table;1;List;of;nationalparksin;China

Table;2;List;of;IBI;complicatednessp;valuesp;for;national;parkr/>

Table;3;Ra;list;ofthe;162;sovereign;statesp;in;dimension;ofnational;park;land;use;indexer/>

Table;4;List;ofthe;32;sovereign;statesp;without;national;park;land;use;indexer/>

Table;5;Population;pressure;changing;trendsp;of;1999—09;in;urban;landscaped;region;of;81;administrative;divisionr/>

Table;6;Population;pressure;changing;trendsp;of;1999—09;in;rurallandscaped;region;of;149;administrative;divisionr/>

Table;7;.Population;pressure;changing;trendsp;of;1999—09;in;pastoral;landscaped;region;of;123;administrative;divisionr/>

Table;8;Tourist;population;pressure;index;1999—10;list;ofnational;parksp;in;China

Table;9;Tourist;population;pressure;index;1999—10;list;ofnational;parksp;in;USA

Table;10;Tourist;population;pressure;index;06—10;list;ofnational;parksp;in;China

Table;11;Tourist;population;pressure;index;06—10;list;ofnational;parksp;in;USA

Table;12;Spatio—temporal;differencesp;comparison;in;national;parksp;crossed;with;national;nature;reservesp;（Ⅰ）

Table;13;Spatio—temporal;differencesp;comparison;in;national;parksp;crossed;with;national;nature;reservesp;（Ⅱ）

Table;14;Spatio—temporal;differencesp;comparison;in;nationalparksp;crossed;with;national;forest;parksp;（Ⅰ）

Table;15;Spatio—temporal;differencesp;comparison;in;national;parksp;crossed;with;national;forest;parks（Ⅱ）

Table;16;Spatio—temporal;differencesp;comparison;in;nationalparksp;crossed;with;national;geoparksp;（Ⅰ）

Table;17;Spatio—temporal;differencesp;comparison;in;national;parksp;crossed;with;national;geoparksp;（Ⅱ）

Appendix;Ⅲ;Map;ofthe;Boundaries

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