Economics—HL & SL for the IB Diploma IBDP（国际高中文凭课程）经济辅导书 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子书 mobi 在线

本书是为国际文凭课程大学预科项目（IBDP）设计的经济学辅导书。全书分为21章，每章内容由Key concepts，Example

questions and

answers和Exercises这3部分组成。前两部分在概念解释和例题答案的基础上，进一步说明了做出这些解释和答案的缘由。习题部分不仅提供了系统的解题训练，还提供了一些IB-style

exercises以便学生检验自己的水平。本书重点在于经济学论述题的强化训练，有助于IBDP考生形成专业的IB答题思路，写出更好的IB经济答卷。

1

Demand, supply, and the market equilibrium1Key concepts1

The market1

Ceteris paribus1

The law of demand2

Determinants of demand3

The law of supply3

Determinants of supply4

Movement （quantity demanded/supplied）　vs． shift5

Why does price tend to form around the equilibrium price5

How can the market equilibrium be changed6

Resource allocation and the signaling and incentive functions of price7

Scarcity7

Market efficiency8

Example questions and answers8

Question group 1： Determinants of demand and supply8

Question group 2： The signaling and incentive functions of price10

Exercises122

Elasticities14Key concepts14

Price elasticity of demand （PED）14

PED， revenue， and marginal revenue15

Cross price elasticity of demand （XED）16

Income elasticity of demand （YED）16

Price elasticity of supply （PES）17

Example questions and answers18

Question group 1： Determinants of elasticities18

Question group 2： Usefulness of the knowledge of elasticities20

Exercises263

Taxes， subsidies， and price controls

（government intervention in the free market）29Key concepts29

Indirect tax29

Market outcomes of an indirect tax30

Impact on stakeholders from an indirect tax31

How to find the tax burden （tax incidence）　for consumers and

producers （HL only）31

Subsidy32

Price ceilings （maximum prices）33

Price floors （minimum prices）34

Impacts on stakeholders35

Example questions and answers35

Question group 1： Comparing the effects of government interventions35

Question group 2： Government intervention vs． the free market40

Exercises474

Market failure49Key concepts49

Market failure49

Social welfare and allocative efficiency50

Public goods51

Excludability and rivalry51

Common access resources52

Externalities53

Positive externality of production54

Positive externality of consumption （merit goods）56

Negative externality of production57

Negative externality of consumption58

Asymmetric information （HL only）59

The abuse of monopoly power （HL only）59

How to explain that a certain case is one of market failure60

Common evaluation perspectives on government intervention

in market failure61

Example questions and answers61

Question group 1： Explaining market failure61

Question group 2： Evaluating government responses to market failure64

Exercises675

Cost， revenue， and profit （HL only）69Key concepts69

The short run （microeconomics）69

The law of diminishing returns70

The concept of the “margin”70

Economic cost71

Opportunity cost71

Marginal cost71

Average revenue， marginal revenue and total revenue71

The long run （microeconomics）72

LRAC and （dis）economies of scale73

Economic profit/loss74

The break even point and the shut down point74

How MC and MR help us find the profit maximizing quantity of

production75

How to find profit/loss with AC and AR76

Example questions and answers77

Question group 1： SRAC and LRAC77

Question group 2： Profit maximization80

Exercises846

Market structures （HL only）88Key concepts88

How market structures compare88

Perfect competition89

Monopolistic competition90

Oligopoly90

Game theory： the prisoner s dilemma91

Monopoly92

Common barriers to entry93

Market structures and efficiencies93

Example questions and answers94

Question group 1： The short run and the long run94

Question group 2： Comparing market structures97

Exercises1027

Price discrimination （HL only）105Key concepts105

Price discrimination105

Conditions for price discrimination105

Third degree price discrimination106

Exercises1078

The macroeconomic equilibrium108Key concepts108

Aggregate demand （AD）108

The macroeconomic short run and long run111

Short run aggregate supply （SRAS）111

Long run aggregate supply （LRAS）112

The new classical short run/long run transition113

Keynesian aggregate supply114

The Keynesian multiplier （HL only）115

Example questions and answers115

Question group： The short run and the long run115

Exercises1229

Unemployment124Key concepts124

Unemployment124

Unemployment rate124

Cyclical/demand deficient/Keynesian unemployment125

Frictional unemployment， structural unemployment， and seasonal

unemployment126

Why unemployment is undesirable127

Can unemployment be eliminated127

Example questions and answers127

Exercises12710

Inflation130Key concepts130

Inflation130

Consumer price index （CPI）130

Core inflation131

Producer price index （PPI）131

Macroeconomic objective： low inflation131

Demand pull inflation132

Cost push inflation132

Policy solutions to inflation133

Phillips curve133

Example questions and answers133

Question group： Consequences of inflation and deflation133

Exercises13611

Economic growth138Key concepts138

Economic growth138

Gross domestic product （GDP）138

“Real” vs． “nominal”138

The production possibilities curve （PPC）139

Investment and growth140

Consequences of economic growth140

Example questions and answers141

Question group： Economic growth and the standard of living141

Exercises14412

Equity in the distribution of income146Key concepts146

Equity vs． equality in the distribution of income146

The market economy and equality146

The market economy and equity147

Income redistribution policies and efficiency147

The Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient147

Absolute poverty and relative poverty148

Ways to mitigate income inequality/inequity149

Tax as a means to income redistribution149

Transfer payment150

Example questions and answers151

Exercises15113

Macroeconomic objectives and policies153Key concepts153

Demand side policies153

Fiscal policy154

Fiscal policies and AD154

Automatic stabilizers155

Fiscal policies and long term growth （or the supply side effects）155

The effectiveness of fiscal policies155

Monetary policy157

What to target? Money supply， interest rates， or inflation rate157

Monetary policies and AD158

The effectiveness of monetary policies158

Supply side policies159

Interventionist supply side policies159

Market based supply side policies160

Policies， theoretical perspectives， and macroeconomic objectives161

Conflicts among macroeconomic objectives162

Unemployment rate， inflation rate， and the Phillips curves（HL only）163

Example questions and answers164

Question group 1： Fiscal/monetary policies vs． supply side policies164

Question group 1： Conflicts among objectives and policies173

Exercises17814

Measurement problems180Key concepts180

Macroeconomic variables and measurement180

Example questions and answers181

Question group： Difficulties in measurement181

Exercises18315

Free trade vs． protectionism184Key concepts184

Free trade184

Absolute advantage （HL only）185

Comparative advantage （HL only）186

Limitations of the theory of comparative advantage （HL only）187

The World Trade Organization （WTO）188

Trade protectionism189

The base model of international trade190

Tariff191

Quota192

Subsidy193

Administrative barriers195

Example questions and answers195

2 mark definitions195

4 mark explanation questions195

8 mark evaluation questions197

Exercises19916

Exchange rate201Key concepts201

Exchange rate201

Floating exchange rate system201

Factors that influence the exchange rate201

Changes in exchange rates in a floating exchange rate system202

Evaluating the free exchange rate system203

Fixed exchange rate system204

Changes in exchange rates in a fixed exchange rate system204

How central banks fix the exchange rate204

Evaluating the fixed exchange rate system205

Managed exchange rate system205

Consequences of an overvalued currency206

Example questions and answers206

2 mark definitions206

4 mark explanation questions207

8 mark evaluation questions208

Exercises21117

Balance of payments213Key concepts213

Balance of payments213

Current account213

Capital account214

Financial account214

The foreign exchange reserves215

Relationship between these accounts215

Current account deficit216

Implications of a persistent current account deficit （HL only）216

Methods to correct a persistent current account deficit （HL only）216

The Marshall Lerner condition （HL only）217

The J curve218

Current account surpluses218

Implications of a persistent current account surplus （HL only）219

Example questions and answers219

2 mark definitions219

4 mark explanation questions219

8 mark evaluation questions220

Exercises22318

Economic integration and terms of trade225Key concepts225

Economic integration225

Levels of economic integration225

Preferential trade agreement （PTA）226

Free trade area （FTA）226

Customs union226

Common market226

Comparing FTA， customs union， and common market （HL only）227

Economic and monetary union227

Trade creation （HL only）228

Trade diversion （HL only）229

Terms of trade （HL only）229

Short run causes to changes in terms of trade （HL only）230

Long run causes to changes in terms of trade （HL only）230

Example questions and answers231

2 mark definitions231

4 mark explanation questions231

8 mark evaluation questions232

Exercises235

黄乐川：2008年取得伦敦政治经济学院经济历史硕士学位；曾任教于上海平和学校，教授IB经济四年；后赴美留学，2014年获得哈佛大学教育系教育心理学硕士学位。现于佐治亚大学攻读教育技术博士；同时不忘IB经济教学，长期通过微博发布学习资源。

赵祎迪：2006年至2011年在荷兰格罗宁根大学研修国际经济与商务（本科）、金融（硕士）；IB经济考官，上海平和学校经济教研组组长、竞赛负责人；有多年IB和AP的教学经验；任教的2014届经济HL均分6.22，2015届经济HL均分6.19，2016届经济HL均分6.63。

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编辑推荐

有些学生一接触IB经济学的时候就“开窍”了，而大部分学生则找不到方向，也容易一直迷失下去。IB经济真的不简单。你想写出更棒的IB经济答卷吗？想知道什么样子的答题思路才是IB思路吗？那么本书正是为你准备的。本书显著的特色正是建立在“认知学徒制”的基础之上的。本书不仅提供了概念解释和例题答案，还进一步说明了我们做出这些解释和答案的缘由。本书的重点在于经济学论述题，目的在于提高你的效率。

前言

有些学生一接触IB经济学就“开窍”了，而大部分学生则找不到方向，容易一直迷失下去。对于后一类学生来说，参考别的同学的优秀答题范例固然有用，但轮到自己答题时还是不行——本来没有信心的，现在可能还是没有。我们知道，IB经济真的不简单。你呢？你想写出更棒的IB经济答卷吗？想知道什么样子的答题思路才是IB思路吗？那么本书正是为你准备的。我们在前言之后加入了一个“How

to use this book”的章节。你可以通过它了解本书具体的使用方法。不过在此之前，我们还是想稍微介绍一下指导本书设计方向的理念：

认知学徒制（cognitive

apprenticeship）。“学徒”的概念历史悠久。学徒跟着师傅在工场实习，逐渐通过观察和练习来掌握知识技能。学徒制之所以有效，是因为学徒想要学习的技能是“可见”的。在课堂里可就不一样了：

教师经常告诉学生该做什么，却不一定会说明每一步背后的原因，学生也就“看不见”教师大脑里的解题过程。认知学徒制就是要让教师把思维的过程表达出来，这样学生在解题时就有了明确的可以模仿的对象

Collins A， 2006． Cognitive apprenticeship［C］//R． Sawyer （Ed．）． The

Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences． New York：  Cambridge

University Press： 

4760．。本书显著的特色正是建立在“认知学徒制”的基础之上的。本书不仅提供了概念解释和例题答案，还进一步说明了我们做出这些解释和答案的缘由。我们认为差的应试策略是背书，虽然说背书在某种程度上来说，帮助学生解决了语言组织问题。而的应试策略则是在理解消化书本的基础上根据题目的要求来回答。本书两方面都照顾到了——要守住IB

5分的话，背本书提供的解释就好了；要冲击IB

7分的话，则应该尽力去理解本书中的各种注释条目。选择权在你。不论你怎么选，本书的目的都在于提高你的效率。这本书的篇幅较长，因此不能没有重点。我们认为论述题（essay

questions）对于非英语母语的学生来说是困难的，特别是没有接受过系统论述题训练的中国学生。鉴于论述题集中于Paper 1和Paper

2，因此本书将关注点放在了这两张考卷上。Paper

3以数学为主，对中国学生来说压力较小，所以我们并没有将其纳入本书的讨论范围。为了便于IB学生使用，本书的文字正斜体和经济学图等格式均根据IB经济学惯例，并参照IB经济学考纲及国际教材的格式规范。本书能够终成稿，离不开戴菁和王文轩两位老师提供的宝贵的审稿意见。在此我们向两位老师表示由衷的感谢。对于本书，虽然我们已尽心去写，力求让学生能够理解每一张考卷的考点，但要做到完美显然是不可能的。我们期待读者的反馈，这样才能让我们把本书改得越来越完善、越来越实用。